Tramadol: Opioid Painkiller used for Cancer and post surgical Pain
What is Tramadol?
Tramadol is a synthetic anisole opioid analgesic used for managing moderate to severe pain. It is different from traditional opioids, making it an effective solution for pain relief while minimizing the risk of severe side effects commonly associated with stronger opioids like morphine. Tramadol is generally prescribed for pain that is not relieved by medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
How Does Tramadol Work?
Tramadol binds to mu-opiate receptors in the brain which results in inhibition of the ascending pain pathways altering the way the brain perceives pain. It has a dual mechanism of action where along with inhibiting the pain pathways, it also inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine which elevates mood and decreases pain sensitivity. Hence, this makes it a better option for pain management without the dependency and abuse potential as that of stronger opioids.
Indications for Tramadol Use
Tramadol is primarily used for:
● Moderate to severe pain: For example, post-surgical pain or pain due to injury.
● Chronic pain management: Such as osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, or back pain.
● Neuropathic pain: Tramadol may be used for pain associated with nerve damage.
Dosage and Administration
Adult Dosage:
● For Pain Relief: The usual starting dose is 50 mg to 100 mg every 4 to 6 hours, depending on the severity of the pain. The dose is gradually increased, but the maximum dose should not exceed 400 mg per day.
Pediatric Dosage:
● Not recommended for children under the age of 12 years due to the risk of respiratory depression. Above 12 years it is given as 1-2 mg/kg/dose every 4-6 hours. Maximum daily dose is 8 mg/kg/day.
Side Effects of Tramadol
Common side effects include:
● Nausea
● Dizziness
● Constipation
● Headache
Serious side effects include:
● Seizures (especially at higher doses)
● Respiratory depression
● Dependence or withdrawal symptoms (especially with prolonged use)
Pregnancy Category: Category C – Tramadol should be used only when necessary and prescribed by a doctor during pregnancy.
Common Brands in India
● Ultracet (combined with paracetamol)
● Tramazac
● Tramacip