Have you or someone you know been diagnosed with a heart rhythm disorder? If so, you might have heard the term pacemaker mentioned. But this question must have crossed your mind that what exactly is a pacemaker, and how does it work to save lives? For many people with arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), a pacemaker is a life-saving device that helps regulate the heart’s rhythm and ensure it beats at the right rate. Let’s know here what a pacemaker is, how it works, and when it’s needed.
What is a Pacemaker?
To help control the heart’s rhythm, a pacemaker is a tiny, battery-operated device that is implanted beneath the skin, generally close to the collarbone. It is meant to treat arrhythmias, especially those characterized by an irregular, fast, or slow heartbeat. The instrument helps the heart beat normally by sending it electrical signals.
Think of a pacemaker as a “helper” for your heart—it helps the heart beat at the right pace and ensures that blood is pumped efficiently throughout the body. Pacemakers are primarily used for bradycardia (a slow heart rate) but can also be used to manage other heart rhythm disorders.
How Does a Pacemaker Work?
Electrical impulses are sent to the heart to allow a pacemaker to function and these impulses make the heart muscle contract, pumping blood. This is how it operates:
1. Sensing the Heart’s Rhythm: A pacemaker continuously monitors the heart’s rhythm. When it detects that the heart rate is too slow or irregular, it sends out a small electrical impulse to correct the rhythm.
2. Electrical Impulses: These impulses travel through the leads (thin wires) attached to the heart, stimulating it to beat at a normal pace.
3. Temporary or Permanent: Pacemakers can be either temporary (used during a hospital stay after surgery or a heart attack) or permanent (implanted long-term for ongoing heart rhythm management).
When Is a Pacemaker Needed?
For those with heart rhythm issues that affect the heart’s capacity to pump blood well, a pacemaker is usually advised. These are some diseases that can need pacemakers:
1. Bradycardia (Slow Heart Rate)
A normal resting heart rate is typically between 60-100 beats per minute. If the heart beats too slowly—under 60 beats per minute—it can cause fatigue, dizziness, and even fainting. This is called bradycardia, and a pacemaker can help regulate the heart rate by delivering electrical impulses to stimulate the heart to beat at the correct pace.
2. Heart Block
Heart block is a condition when the heart beats too slowly due to delayed or blocked electrical signals. With a pacemaker, these signals are back to normal to keep its rhythm from being dangerously disturbed.
3. Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
In some cases of atrial fibrillation (AF), a pacemaker can help regulate the heart’s rhythm, especially if other treatments like medication or a cardioversion procedure aren’t effective in maintaining a normal heart rate.
4. Syncope (Fainting)
To help control the heart’s rhythm and lower the risk of fainting episodes, a pacemaker can be required if a slow heart rate or irregular heartbeat is the cause of fainting (syncope).
Types of Pacemakers
There are different types of pacemakers designed to treat different heart rhythm problems. The most common types include:
1. Single-Chamber Pacemaker
A single-chamber pacemaker is used to treat people with a slow heart rate due to heart block or other conditions. It is connected to one chamber of the heart (usually the right atrium or ventricle) and helps in controlling the heart rate by sending electrical signals to that chamber.
2. Dual-Chamber Pacemaker
A dual-chamber pacemaker is used for more complex arrhythmias where both the atria and the ventricles need to be paced. This device can help restore a more natural heart rhythm, ensuring that both chambers are beating in sync.
3. Biventricular Pacemaker (Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy)
A biventricular pacemaker is used for people with heart failure and left bundle branch block, a condition where the heart’s left side doesn’t contract properly. This device helps synchronize the heart’s contractions, improving its pumping ability and reducing symptoms of heart failure.
What Does the Pacemaker Implantation Procedure Involve?
1. Pre-Procedure: The procedure is performed under local anaesthesia, so you’ll be awake but won’t feel any pain. The area near the collarbone will be cleaned, and the doctor will numb it.
2. Insertion: A small incision is made, and the pacemaker is inserted under the skin, usually near the left collarbone. Leads are threaded through a vein into the heart to deliver electrical impulses.
3. Testing and Adjustment: The pacemaker is tested to know if it’s working correctly. The doctor will check that the leads are in the right position and that the device is providing the correct signals.
4. Recovery: The procedure is quick and requires only a short recovery period. Most people are able to return home the same day and resume normal activities after a few weeks.
Risks and Complications of Pacemaker Surgery
Although pacemaker surgery is usually safe, there are a few things to be aware of:
● Infection: The site of the incision is prone to infection, just like with other surgery.
● Lead displacement: The leads may shift out of place, requiring adjustment or repositioning.
● Bleeding: There’s a slight risk of bleeding during or after the procedure.
● Device malfunction: While rare, pacemakers can malfunction, requiring repairs or replacement.
It’s important to follow your doctor’s instructions carefully after surgery to minimise risks and ensure proper healing.
What Happens After the Pacemaker is Implanted?
Once the pacemaker is in place, you’ll need to see your doctor regularly to monitor the device. Here’s what to expect:
● Battery replacement: The battery in the pacemaker will need to be replaced usually every 5-10 years, depending on how often it’s used.
● Device monitoring: Some pacemakers are equipped with wireless technology that lets your doctor track your heart’s activity remotely, ensuring the device is functioning properly.
● Activity restrictions: You may be asked to stay away from heavy lifting or physically demanding activities for a few weeks following surgery.
Shattering Myths About Pacemakers
Myth 1: “Pacemakers Are Only for Older People”
Reality: While pacemakers are more common in older adults, they are also used in younger people, especially those with certain heart rhythm disorders like bradycardia or heart block.
Myth 2: “Pacemakers Make Your Heart Beat Too Fast”
Reality: A pacemaker only delivers electrical impulses when needed. It doesn’t make your heart beat too fast—it simply ensures that your heart beats at the correct rate when necessary.
Myth 3: “Having a Pacemaker Means You Can’t Live an Active Life”
Reality: People with pacemakers can live full, active lives. While there are some activity restrictions immediately after surgery, most people can resume normal activities like walking, swimming, and even light running after recovery.
How HealthPil Can Help
If you’ve been diagnosed with a heart rhythm disorder and think a pacemaker might be the right option for you, HealthPil connects you with top cardiologists who can help guide you through the process. Whether you need a second opinion, advice on managing arrhythmias, or information about living with a pacemaker, we’re here to support you in your heart health journey.
Disclaimer:
This article is for informational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider for diagnosis, treatment, and guidance related to pacemaker implantation and heart health.
