Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy: Its Role in Preventing Colon Cancer

A colonoscopy is an invasive diagnostic cum therapeutic procedure used to visualise the inside of the colon to detect abnormalities or changes in the large intestine and rectum. This procedure is essential for the early detection of colon cancer, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and other gastrointestinal disorders. Early detection through colonoscopy can greatly improve treatment outcomes, especially in the case of cancer. In this article, we will discuss the colonoscopy procedure, why it’s needed, how to prepare for it, and what the results mean.

What is a Colonoscopy?

A colonoscopy uses a flexible, tube-like instrument called a colonoscope to examine the inside of the colon and rectum. The colonoscope has a light, a camera and flexible optic fibres that allows doctors to view the lining of the colon on a monitor. Colonoscopies are often used for screening for colon cancer in people over the age of 50 or for individuals who have a family history of colorectal cancer.

When is a Colonoscopy Needed?

A colonoscopy is usually recommended when:

● Routine Screening: For individuals over the age of 50, or earlier if there is a family history of colon cancer.

● Unexplained Abdominal Symptoms: Such as chronic diarrhea, constipation, rectal bleeding, or persistent abdominal pain.

● Polyps or Previous Abnormal Test Results: If other tests, like a fecal occult blood test or CT scan, show abnormal results.

● Family History of Colon Cancer: To detect early signs of cancer or precancerous polyps.

How is a Colonoscopy Performed?

1. Preparation:

● The patient will need to follow a special diet (usually a clear liquid diet) for 1-3 days before the procedure.

● A laxative or enema is taken to empty the bowels, as a clean colon is essential for the procedure.

● Patients are typically asked to fast for 6-8 hours before the procedure.

2. The Procedure:

● The procedure is performed while the patient is sedated. A colonoscope is gently inserted through the rectum and guided through the colon.

● The procedure usually lasts 30-60 minutes and is relatively painless due to sedation.

3. Post-Procedure:

● After the colonoscopy, patients will be monitored for a short period until the sedation wears off.

● Some mild abdominal cramping and bloating may occur after the procedure, which typically resolves in a few hours.

Interpreting Colonoscopy Results

● Normal Results: No abnormalities detected, and the colon and rectum appear healthy.

● Polyps or Abnormal Growths: Non-cancerous growths that may be removed during the procedure for biopsy.

● Colon Cancer: Suspicious masses or tumors may be biopsied for further analysis.

● Inflammation: Conditions such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis may be identified.

Benefits of a Colonoscopy

● Early Detection of Cancer: Colonoscopy is a very effective procedure for early detection of colon cancer and even image guided biopsy to plan further treatments.

● Polyp Removal: Polyps can be removed during the procedure, preventing them from turning into cancer.

● Diagnosis of Other GI Disorders: It helps in diagnosing conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), diverticulosis, and rectal bleeding.